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Creating Our Own 'puts'
Drawing Bitmap Fonts To The Framebuffer For A Debug Print
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Well, the title can be misleading. We will be eventually implementing our own ‘puts’ function but for now it’s not named puts. The function will be analogous to puts. This function will actually be to help us debug things. After this chapter we will be adding more and more features to our OS and we need a method to see if it worked or not. This method can be anything! For eg : changing the screen colour to red (for error) or blue (for success). We print an error message if something bad happens.
Since we don’t have anything to print to screen, we’ll have to create our own function to display some text. Yes that ‘abcd’ now needs to be drawn instead of just calling printf or puts. So we will create a method to draw characters on screen first and then use that to create a print function.
We’ll use a bitmap to help us draw those characters. A bitmap will have an array of numbers and each bit in each number will be flagged in such a way that when you convert it into a 2D matrix of size say 8x16 or 8x8 pixels, it’ll look like a legit alphabet.
I already have found a repository that contains lots of bitmaps like this. We can use them in our project.
/*
* file './font-bin/M64gx_8x16.bin', filesize 4096bytes, linewidth=16bytes
* array created from bin-file by bin2header
* bin2header (c) 2013 Nils Stec, <nils.stec@gmail.com>
*
*/
uint8_t M64gx_8x16[4096] = {
0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
0x00, 0x00, 0x7e, 0x81, 0xa5, 0x81, 0x81, 0xbd, 0x99, 0x81, 0x81, 0x7e, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
0x00, 0x00, 0x7c, 0xfe, 0xfe, 0xd6, 0xfe, 0xfe, 0xba, 0xc6, 0xfe, 0x7c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
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0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xe7, 0xc3, 0xc3, 0xc3, 0xe7, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff,
0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x3c, 0x66, 0x66, 0x66, 0x3c, 0x18, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xe7, 0xc3, 0x99, 0x99, 0x99, 0xc3, 0xe7, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff,
0x00, 0x00, 0x1e, 0x0e, 0x1e, 0x36, 0x78, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0x78, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
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0x00, 0x00, 0x7f, 0xdb, 0xdb, 0xdb, 0xdb, 0x7b, 0x1b, 0x1b, 0x1b, 0x1b, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
0x00, 0x00, 0x7c, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0x60, 0x7c, 0xf6, 0xde, 0x7c, 0x0c, 0xc6, 0xc6, 0x7c, 0x00, 0x00,
0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xfe, 0xfe, 0xfe, 0xfe, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
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0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xfe, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
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};
We will use this romfont. This is a 8x16 font. This means each row will have 8 pixels (8 bits or 1 byte) and there will be 16 such rows. If you look at the array carefully, you’ll notice there are 16 elements in each line. Each line corresponds to a character. You can also see how this font will look by searching for it’s image in the given repository.
Define this as static array in a font.c file and add a function in font.h to help us get this array instead of doing an extern.
// font.h
#ifndef FONT_H_
#define FONT_H_
#include <stdint.h>
// hack to escape doing extern again and again
// return the statically defined font array
uint8_t* get_font_bitmap_array();
#endif // FONT_H_
// font.c
// static font array
static uint8_t font_bitmap_array[4096] = {
...
};
// return the static array
uint8_t* get_font_bitmap_array(){
return font_bitmap_array;
}
Our next task is to create a renderer that can draw these bitmap fonts on to the framebuffer. Create a renderer.c and renderer.h with the following contents.
// renderer.h
#ifndef RENDERER_H_
#define RENDERER_H_
#include <stdint.h>
#include "font.h"
// basic framebuffer information
// a framebuffer is where renderer draws things
typedef struct {
uint32_t *address;
uint32_t width;
uint32_t height;
} framebuffer_t;
// font renderer is responsible for drawing fonts on framebuffer
typedef struct {
framebuffer_t framebuffer;
font_t font;
uint32_t foreground_colour;
uint32_t background_colour;
} font_renderer_t;
// draw a character c at xpos and ypos
void draw_character(font_renderer_t* font_renderer, char c, uint32_t xpos, uint32_t ypos);
#endif // RENDERER_H_
#include "renderer.h"
// draw a single character on framebuffer at given position
void draw_character(font_renderer_t* font_renderer, char c, uint32_t xpos, uint32_t ypos){
}
Also, define a new type in font.h named font_t which will contain font related information for our renderer.
// font.h
// other code
...
// contains basic font related information
typedef struct {
uint8_t *bitmap;
uint8_t font_width;
uint8_t font_height;
} font_t;
...
If you are thinking whether this renderer will be fast or not? Yes, it will be super fast. This code is kernel level code which is way faster than user level code. User level code is wrapped in lots of safety structures but this code isn’t.
Let’s implement the draw_character(...) function.
// draw a single character on framebuffer at given position
void draw_character(font_renderer_t* font_renderer, char c, uint32_t xpos, uint32_t ypos){
uint8_t font_width = font_renderer->font.font_width;
uint8_t font_height = font_renderer->font.font_height;
// get bitmap for required character
// NOTE : This assumes that width of font is 8 pixels
uint8_t* font_bitmap = font_renderer->font.bitmap + c * font_height;
for(uint32_t i = 0; i < font_height; i++){
uint8_t row_bitmap = font_bitmap[i];
for(uint32_t j = 0; j < font_width; j++){
// calculate write address
uint32_t write_addr = (xpos + j) + (ypos + i) * font_renderer->framebuffer.width;
// if bit is set then fill foreground colour else fill background colour
// 8 - j because of endianness of pc when compiling. Bits are stored in little endian format
if(row_bitmap & (1 << (8 - j))){
font_renderer->framebuffer.address[write_addr] = font_renderer->foreground_colour;
}else{
font_renderer->framebuffer.address[write_addr] = font_renderer->background_colour;
}
}
}
}
Now let’s use this in our _start
// The following will be our kernel's entry point.
void _start(struct stivale2_struct *stivale2_struct) {
// Let's get the terminal structure tag from the bootloader.
struct stivale2_struct_tag_framebuffer *framebuffer_tag;
framebuffer_tag = stivale2_get_tag(stivale2_struct, STIVALE2_STRUCT_TAG_FRAMEBUFFER_ID);
// Check if the tag was actually found.
if (framebuffer_tag == NULL) {
// It wasn't found, just hang...
for (;;) {
asm ("hlt");
}
}
// prepare renderer
font_renderer_t font_renderer = {0};
// get address of framebuffer
font_renderer.framebuffer.address = (uint32_t*)framebuffer_tag->framebuffer_addr;
font_renderer.framebuffer.width = framebuffer_tag->framebuffer_width;
font_renderer.framebuffer.height = framebuffer_tag->framebuffer_height;
// get font data
font_renderer.font.bitmap = get_font_bitmap_array();
font_renderer.font.font_height = 16;
font_renderer.font.font_width = 8;
// set foreground and background colours
// byte order is : 0x(alpha)(red)(green)(blue)
font_renderer.foreground_colour = 0xff38ff6a;
// string to print
const char* str = "Misra OS";
uint32_t xpos = 25, ypos = 25;
for(size_t i = 0; i < 8; i++){
draw_character(&font_renderer, str[i], xpos, ypos);
xpos += 8;
}
// We're done, just hang...
for (;;) {
asm ("hlt");
}
}
Notice that we allocated font_renderer on stack (that 8kb stack given above). If everthing works then we will see “Misra OS” written on our screen.
Well, this works. We can use this to create a function to automatically do this now. Now, for this we will need functions like strlen and some other string manipulation maybe. You can see I hardcoded the length of string here to be 8.
This was a prototype of the puts function that we’ll be implementing. It is a few chapters away actually, but atleast we can now print something! This is some progress.
Next create a file named string.h which will provide basic string utilities to our kernel. Later we will have to write one for libc too! Yes, we will have to create our own libc. There are some other ready made libc too, we can use it but I won’t. I’d like to write that too!
#ifndef STRING_H_
#define STRING_H_
#include <stddef.h>
// get the size of given null terminated string
size_t strlen(const char* str);
#endif // STRING_H_
Also create a string.c and write this implementation.
#include "string.h"
// get length of string
size_t strlen(const char* str){
size_t sz = 0;
// keep checking until we reach the null character
while(*(str + sz)){
sz++;
}
return sz;
}
Let’s check this in our kernel.c’s _start method :
// kernel.c
#include "string.h"
// other code
...
// string to print
const char* str = "Misra OS";
size_t strsz = strlen(str);
uint32_t xpos = 25, ypos = 25;
for(size_t i = 0; i < strsz; i++){
draw_character(&font_renderer, str[i], xpos, ypos);
xpos += 8;
}
// other code
...
Also, don’t forget to add this in CMakeLists.txt. You can also do a file(GLOB_RECURSE KERNEL_SRCS ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR} *.c) in CMakeLists.txt to get all the files automatically. I’ll hardcode file names for now but in future I might use the GLOB_RECURSE
If everything was correct then you’ll se the string with a nice colour. Let’s convert this to a function that can draw string anywhere.
Add a new function in renderer.h
// renderer.h
// other code
...
// draw a complete string at given xpos and ypos
void draw_string(font_renderer_t* font_renderer, const char* str, uint32_t xpos, uint32_t ypos);
And add it’s definition in renderer.c
// other code
...
// draw a string at given position
void draw_string(font_renderer_t* font_renderer, const char* str, uint32_t xpos, uint32_t ypos){
size_t strsz = strlen(str);
for(size_t i = 0; i < strsz; i++){
draw_character(font_renderer, str[i], xpos, ypos);
xpos += font_renderer->font.font_width;
}
}
Also, at this point, comment out the make -C limine in build.sh as it makes the build output messy.
For now let’s keep it upto this and later we’ll add functions to automatically keep track of position of string. For now we only needed a method to print something and nothing fancy. Next we need to find a way to take input from keyboard. For these we need to implement some descriptor tables.